However, previous studies have only focused on specific, limited aspects of complex trauma, such as suicidality and early childhood regulatory and attachment disorders, and PTSD. Patients with complex trauma are known to suffer from several psychiatric problems, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other comorbid disorders and functional impairments. Įor the development of effective intervention programs, studies have indicated that a better understanding and assessment of the mental health of patients with complex trauma are needed.
Despite its adverse effects, complex trauma in children is prevalent in the community. Complex trauma also exhibits a strong association with the development of chronic treatment-resistant depression and borderline personality disorder in adulthood. Complex trauma affects victims throughout their entire life, and children exposed to complex trauma may show increased vulnerability to additional trauma and cumulative impairment. The term complex trauma refers to multiple, chronic, repetitive experiences of traumatic events, most often in interpersonal nature and early life (e.g., sexual or physical abuse, neglect, war, community violence). Human and animal studies have implicated stressful early-life experiences as a key risk factor for the development of psychiatric disorders. Keywords: Trauma Animal model Anxiety Freezing reaction, cataleptic Vocalization, animal Longer FTpE may be associated with tonic immobility which could be considered as a failed self-protective reaction and might be analogous to a sign of inappropriate coping strategy and self-dysregulation in complex trauma patients. ComS show difference TFE between PND 29 and PND 56.Ĭonclusion: The results of this investigation show that complex stress may affect not quantity of fear response but characteristics of fear response. ComS and FCC exhibited the longer TFT and these two groups only displayed USV. Results: ComS showed the longest FTpE in the conditioned fear response test. We compared fear responses at postnatal day (PND) 29 and PND 56 through freezing time per episode (FTpE), total freezing time (TFT), total freezing episodes (TFE), and ultrasonic vocalization (USV). While the ComS experienced three types of stress (maternal separation, juvenile isolation, electric foot shock), the FCC only experienced an electric foot shock stress and the control never experienced any.
Methods: Twenty-one male Sprague-Dawley rats were classified into 3 groups based on the stress protocol: fear conditioning control (FCC, n = 6), complex stress (ComS, n = 9), and control (n = 6). As a first step, we devised an animal model to investigate the effects of multiple trauma-like stress during different developmental periods. Abstract Objective: Despite the etiological significance of complex developmental trauma in adult personality disorders and treatment-resistant depression, neurobiological studies have been rare due to the lack of useful animal models.
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